The medieval period in France spanned from the 5th century to the 15th century, and it was a time of great political, social, and cultural change. During the early Middle Ages, the Frankish kingdoms emerged and became the dominant force in the region. The most famous of these Frankish kings was Charlemagne, who ruled over a vast empire that included modern-day France, Germany, and Italy.
 
The High Middle Ages in France saw the emergence of the great cathedrals, including Notre Dame in Paris and Chartres Cathedral. These structures were not only feats of engineering and architecture, but also served as symbols of the power of the Church. During this time, the Romanesque style of architecture gave way to the Gothic style, which emphasized height and light. Gothic architecture also allowed for the inclusion of intricate stained glass windows, which often depicted religious scenes.
 
The late Middle Ages in France saw the rise of the French monarchy, particularly under the rule of King Philip IV. During his reign, the French monarchy gained greater centralization and control over its territories, and the royal court became a center of artistic and cultural patronage. The Hundred Years' War, fought between France and England, also took place during this time, and had a significant impact on the development of French culture and identity. The war ended with the expulsion of the English from France, and the French monarchy emerged as the dominant political force in the region.